Pectus excavatum ­ Correção cirúrgica utilizando tala externa de poliuretano fabricada com tecnologia de impressão 3D / Pectus excavatum ­ Surgical correction, using polyurethane external splint made with 3D printing technology

Objetivou-se relatar o emprego de uma tala externa confeccionada com material de poliuretano e cobertura interna de neopreme na reparação cirúrgica do pectus excavatum em um felino jovem. O felino apresentava deformidade anatômica congênita na região do externo e sinais clínicos respiratórios. Imagens avançadas de tomografia foram utilizadas para moldar a tala impressa com tecnologia tridimensional. Esta alternativa possibilitou melhor planejamento cirúrgico e, com isso, conforto para o paciente, além da qualidade própria do material de poliuretano que é levemente maleável, o que permitiu melhor moldagem e expansão torácica durante a respiração. A tala se provou resistente o suficiente para suportar a tração ocasionada pelos fios de sutura e possibilitou o reposicionamento adequado do osso esterno ao mesmo tempo que se mostrou confortável e acarretou mínimas lesões ao paciente.

The aim of this paper was to report the use of an external splint made of polyurethane material and internal neopreme covering in the surgical repair of a pectus excavatum in a young feline. The feline exhibited a congenital anatomical deformity in the external region and clinical respiratory signs. Advanced CT images were used to shape the 3D-printed splint. This alternative allowed better surgical planning and, therefore, comfort for the patient, this because to the quality of the polyurethane material, which is slightly malleable, and allowed for better molding and chest expansion during breathing. The splint proved to be strong enough to withstand the traction caused by the suture threads and allowed the proper repositioning of the sternum, at the same time it was comfortable and caused minimal injuries to the patient.

Clostridioides difficile: achados epidemiológicos em animais domésticos em um Hospital Veterinário Universitário em ­ Teresina, PI / Clostridioides difficile: epidemiological findings in domestic animals in a University Veterinary Hospital in Teresina, PI

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a prevalência de Clostridioides difficile e suas toxinas (A/B) nas fezes de animais domésticos de um Hospital Veterinário Universitário de Teresina - PI. A detecção de C. difficile e suas toxinas foi realizada por meio de um ensaio imunoenzimático, denominado C. Diff Quik Chek Complete® (TECHLAB), capaz de detectar antígeno Glutamato Desidrogenase (GDH) e as toxinas A/B produzidas pelo bacilo, realizado em amostras fecais de cães (C. lupus) e e gatos (Felis catus) coletadas entre agosto de 2019 a setembro de 2020. Um total de 54 amostras fecais foram analisadas, das quais 16 foram positivas para C. difficile (29,63%). 68,75% (11/16) pertenciam a caninos, enquanto 31,25% (5/16) a felinos. Amostras diarreicas e não diarreicas foram utilizadas para o estudo e uma maior prevalência do bacilo pôde ser identificada em amostras diarreicas (33%). Nenhuma das amostras apresentou toxinas do patógeno. Os achados deste estudo evidenciam que C.difficile está presente no estado do Piauí. Foi possível identificá-lo em todas as espécies e em amostras diarreicas ou não, demonstrando que essa infecção pode se manifestar de formasintomática e assintomática, levantando a possibilidade de infecção cruzada entre o animal e seu tutor.

The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of Clostridioides difficile and its toxins (A/B) in the feces of domestic animals at a University Veterinary Hospital in Teresina - PI. The detection of C. difficile and its toxins was performed by an immunogenic enzyme, called C. Diff Quik Chek Complete® (TECHLAB), capable of detecting antigen glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and A/B toxins produced by this bacillus, performed in fecal samples of dogs (C. lupus) and cats (Felis catus) collected between August 2019 and September 2020.:54 stools were analyzed, of which 16 were positive for C. difficile (29.63%). 68.75% (11/16) belonged to canines, while 3.25% (5/16) to felines. Diarrheal and non-diarrheal diseases are used for the study and a higher prevalence of bacillus can be identified in diarrheal diseases (33%). None of the samples present pathogen toxins. The results of this study show that C. difficile is present in the state of Piauí. It can be identified in all species and in diarrheal or non-diarrheic samples, demonstrating that this infection can be symptomatic and asymptomatic, giving the possibility of cross-infection between the animal and its owner.

Deradelphous Cephalothoracoomphalopagus in kittens: case report / Cefalotoraconfalopago derafelfo em gatos: relato de caso

The present report describes a case of conjoined twins of the cephalo-thoraco-omphalopagus deradelphous type in cats. A feline female was transferred to our veterinary hospital as an emergency for dystocic labor. The stillborn was subjected to radiographic evaluation, and a single skull and two complete distinct vertebral columns were found. Anatomopathological examination revealed that the twins presented the head, chest, and umbilicus as the main points of union and were classified as the cephalo-thoraco-omphalopagus type. In addition, the twins had unique and well-developed faces, which allowed them to be classified as deradelphous. This malformation is rare in domestic animals, and to the best of our knowledge, this type has not been reported in felines. Further studies are warranted on this embryonic alteration, primarily because its etiology remains unknown.(AU)

O presente relato descreve um caso de gêmeos siameses do tipo cefalotoraconfalopago deradelfo em gatos. Uma fêmea felina foi atendida na emergência do hospital veterinário em trabalho de parto distócico. Os natimortos foram encaminhados para avaliação radiográfica e constatou-se que apresentavam um único crânio e duas colunas vertebrais completas e distintas. O exame anatomopatológico evidenciou que os gêmeos possuíam cabeça, tórax e umbigo como principais pontos de união, sendo classificados como cefalotoraconfalopago. Além disso, os gêmeos apresentaram face única e bem desenvolvida, o que permitiu classificá-los como deradelfos. Esse tipo de malformação é raro em animais domésticos, e não foi encontrado nenhum trabalho em felino com a mesma classificação do presente relato. Há necessidade de mais estudos sobre essa alteração embrionária, pois a etiologia do processo ainda não foi esclarecida.(AU)

Incidence and risk factors for neurological signs after attenuation of a single congenital portosystemic shunt in 50 cats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, outcome, and risk factors for postattenuation neurological signs (PANS) in cats treated for single congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS: Cats (n = 50) with a single CPSS. METHODS: Medical records of cats treated by surgical attenuation of a single CPSS between 2003 and 2017 were reviewed for signalment, surgical technique, preoperative management and postoperative clinical outcomes. Binary logistic regression was performed to investigate risk factors for occurrence of PANS and seizures. RESULTS: Congenital portosystemic shunts in 50 cats included 40 extrahepatic and 10 intrahepatic shunts. Postattenuation neurological signs were recorded in 31 (62%) cats and graded as 1 in 10 cats, 2 in nine cats, and 3 in 12 cats. Postattenuation neurological signs included seizures in 11 cats. Five of 31 cats with PANS did not survive to discharge. No association was detected between PANS or seizures and the type of CPSS (intrahepatic or extrahepatic), degree of attenuation, age, or the use of perioperative levetiracetam or hepatic encephalopathy immediately preoperatively. Osmolality at a median 24 hours postoperatively was lower in cats with PANS (P < .049, Wald 3.867, odds ratio [Exp(B)] 0.855, CI 0.732-0.999). CONCLUSION: Postattenuation neurological signs are common complications in cats treated for CPSS. Preoperative levetiracetam did not prevent the occurrence of PANS or seizures. The only risk factor for PANS detected was lower postoperative Osmolality in cats with PANS at 24 hours. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Postattenuation neurological signs including seizures occur frequently in cats undergoing surgical attenuation of a CPSS. Preoperative levetiracetam did not protect against the development of PANS.

Congenital ocular malformations in dogs and cats: 123 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Provide epidemiological data regarding the prevalence of congenital ocular malformations in dogs and cats. ANIMALS STUDIED: A population of 32 974 dogs and 13 977 cats that presented for consultation at the veterinary teaching hospital. PROCEDURES: Medical records from 2011 to 2018 were reviewed. A retrospective and prospective epidemiological clinical study addressing congenital ocular malformations was conducted. Signalment, medical history, reason for presentation, clinical findings, vision impairment, and treatment options were analyzed. RESULTS: From the total of cases analyzed, 103 dogs (0.3%) and 20 cats (0.1%) met the inclusion criteria. The majority of dogs were mixed breed, the most common breed being the French Bulldog, while the majority of cats were European domestic shorthair. The median age of diagnosis was 12 months for dogs and 6 months for cats. Sex predisposition was not found. The most frequently identified abnormalities were as follows: congenital cataract (dogs: 31.1%; cats: 30.0%), microphthalmia (dogs: 35.0%, cats: 25.0%), and persistent pupillary membrane (dogs: 27.2%, cats: 40.0%). Some of the concurrently observed malformations were significantly associated. A statistically significant association was found between ocular dermoids and the French Bulldog breed (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Even though congenital ocular malformations are uncommon, knowledge about their prevalence is important, since they can cause vision impairment or even blindness. Moreover, some human ocular disease phenotypes are similar to the ones presented by dogs and cats, so they can be used as models to investigate pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches.

Sobrevida e características ecocardiográficas de gatos com e sem cardiomiopatias / Survival and echocardiographic characteristics of cats with and without cardiomyopathies

Cardiopatias felinas apresentam importante relevância na rotina veterinária, todavia os seus aspectos epidemiológicos em gatos não são conhecidos regionalmente. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a frequência das cardiopatias na região Norte e Vale do Itajaí no estado de Santa Catarina e determinar a sobrevida de pacientes cardiopatas e não cardiopatas. O estudo contou com a análise retrospectiva de 74 laudos ecocardiográficos e prontuários médicos de gatos oriundos de estabelecimentos veterinários da região, de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2019. Tutores ou veterinários responsáveis foram contatados para averiguar a sobrevida dos animais. Os animais do estudo em sua maioria eram machos (n=40/74) e sem raça definida (n=47/74). Cardiomiopatia foi o diagnóstico mais comum (n=21/74), com destaque para o fenótipo hipertrófica (n=13/21). As cardiomiopatias foram diagnosticadas mais comumente em gatos acima de oito anos de idade. Os principais sinais clínicos nos gatos sintomáticos (n=41/74) foram sopro (n=15/41) e dispneia (n=6/41). Os principais achados ecocardiográficos foram hipertrofia concêntrica da parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo (n=18/41) e dilatação do átrio esquerdo (n=12/41). A mediana de sobrevida dos 74 gatos foi de 303±209.8 dias, estando altamente relacionado com a classe do estadiamento clínico (P=0,006). Gatos com fenótipo dilatada tiveram menor média de sobrevid

Feline cardiopathies are relevant on veterinary practice although lack of regional epidemiogical description. The purpose of this study is to determine cardiopathy prevalence and survival of cardiac and non-cardiac patients on Santa Catarina’s northern and Itajai valley regions. The retrospective study included 74 echocardiographic exams and medical records from January 2017 to December 2019. Veterinarians and owners were contacted to check survival on cardiac and non-cardiac patients. The animals were most male (n=40/74) and mongrel (n=47/74). Cardiomyopathies were the most common diagnosis (n=21/74), specially the hypertrophic phenotype (n=13/21). The cardiomyopathy diagnosis was evidenced in cats above eight years old. The most usual clinical findings on symptomatic patients (n=41/74) were cardiac murmur (n=15/41) and dyspnea (n=6/41). Left ventricular free wall concentric hypertrophy (n=18/41) and left atrium dilation (n=12/41) were the main echocardiographic findings. Median survival from 74 cats was 303±209,8 days and related to clinical staging (p=0,006). Cats with dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype presented lower mean survival (180,5 days). Concomitant diseases included chronic renal disease (n=7/15), systemic arterial hypertension (n=5/15) and/or hyperthyroidism (n=3/15). In conclusion, cats with cardiomyopathies, symptomatic and with more advanced stages of cardiac remodeling, have shown to live less than those in early stage of heart disease. As well as patients with associated concomitant diseases, they had a lower life expectancy.

Eletroquimioterapia como tratamento de carcinoma espinocelular em felino: relato de caso / Electrochemotherapy as treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in feline: case report / Electroquimioterapia como tratamiento del carcinoma de células escamosas en felino: relato de caso

O carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) é uma neoplasia maligna resultante da diferenciação de ceratinócitos, que acomete principalmente animais de pelagem clara e pouco pigmentados, decorrente da exposição à radiação ultravioleta. Apresentam evolução lenta e baixo caráter metastático, porém, em alguns mais avançados pode ocorrer acometimento metastático de órgãos adjacentes. Os tratamentos utilizados no CCE incluem cirurgia, radioterapia, quimioterapia, crioterapia e eletroquimioterapia (EQT). A eletroquimioterapia se mostra bastante eficaz no tratamento desse tumor, dentre outros e comumente não apresenta efeito colateral. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o caso de um felino atendido na Clínica Veterinária Bichos S.A. no município de Foz do Iguaçu, diagnosticado com Carcinoma de Células Escamosas e portador do vírus da imunodefiência felina. O tratamento adotado para a neoplasia foi a eletroquimioterapia, resultando em remissão parcial das lesões, após vinte dias da EQT. Com objetivo de investigar possível acometimento ósseo, foi realizada radiografia de face, onde a mesma apresentou área de lise óssea em arco zigomático e maxila esquerda, indicativo de infiltração neoplásica. A radiografia torácica apontou presença de área nodular sobrepondo lobo pulmonar caudal direito, indicativo de processo metastático. Em virtude do prognóstico reservado, os tutores optaram pela eutanásia do mesmo.(AU)

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm resulting from the differentiation of keratinocytes, which mainly affects light-colored and non-pigmented animals due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Although they present slow evolution and low metastatic character, in some more advanced cases, metastatic involvement of adjacent organs may occur. The treatments used in SCC include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, cryotherapy and electrochemotherapy (ECT). Electrochemotherapy is quite effective in the treatment of this type of tumor, among others, and it usually has no side effect. This work aims at reporting the case of a feline treated at the Veterinary Clinic Bichos S.A. in the city of Foz do Iguaçu diagnosed with Squamous Cell Carcinoma and carrying the feline immunodefense virus (FIV). Electrochemotherapy was the treatment of choice for the neoplasia, resulting in partial remission of the lesions after twenty days of treatment. In order to investigate possible bone involvement, an X-ray of the face was performed, where it presented area of bone lysis in the zygomatic arch and left maxilla, signs of neoplastic infiltration. The chest X-ray showed a nodular area overlapping the right caudal pulmonary lobe, an indication of metastatic process. Due to the reserved prognosis, the tutors chose euthanasia of the subject.(AU)

El carcinoma de células escamosas (CEC) es una neoplasia maligna resultante de la diferenciación de queratinocitos, que afecta principalmente a animales de pelaje claro y de poca pigmentación, resultado de la exposición a la radiación ultravioleta. Tienen una evolución lenta y un carácter metastásico bajo, sin embargo, en algunos más avanzados puede producirse afectación metastásica de órganos adyacentes. Los tratamientos utilizados en el CEC incluyen cirugía, radioterapia, quimioterapia, crioterapia y electroquimioterapia (EQT). La electroquimioterapia es muy eficaz en el tratamiento de ese tumor, entre otros y no suele tener efectos secundarios. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo reportar el caso de un felino atendido en la Clínica Veterinária Bichos S.A. de la ciudad de Foz do Iguaçu, diagnosticado con Carcinoma de Células Escamosas y con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina. El tratamiento adoptado para la neoplasia fue la electroquimioterapia, resultando en remisión parcial de las lesiones luego de veinte días de EQT. Con el fin de investigar la posible afectación ósea se realizó una radiografía de rostro, donde se presentó un área de lisis ósea en arco cigomático y maxilar izquierdo, indicativo de infiltración neoplásica. La radiografía de tórax mostró la presencia de un área nodular superpuesta al lóbulo pulmonar caudal derecho, lo que indicaba un proceso metastásico. Debido al pronóstico reservado, los tutores optaron por la eutanasia.(AU)

Feline demodicosis in Santa Catarina state, Brazil / Demodicose felina em Santa Catarina, Brasil

Feline demodicosis is considered a rare dermatopathy and can be caused by Demodex cati, Demodex gatoi and a third species not yet named. An adult male feline was attended with severe pruritus for 9 months and a history of treatment with cephalexin and prednisolone, with progressive worsening. On physical examination, there was alopecia, hyperkeratosis, abrasions and erythema on the head, neck, lumbosacral region, tail and pelvic limbs, in addition to the presence of fleas. For pulicosis, selamectin spot on was prescribed every 30 days and use of amitraz in the environment every seven days. In order to control secondary infection, weekly baths with chlorhexidine were recommended. Deep skin scraping and hair plucking were performed for trichogram and parasitological skin examination, respectively, with diagnoses of demodicosis by Demodex cati, and mycotic dermatitis associated with secondary bacterial infection. The treatment was modified to use selamectin every 2 weeks, but the tutor did not return and reported, after several months, that he had done therapy with selamectin only every 30 days and discontinued baths. For this feline, it was not possible to associate demodicosis with other comorbidities. It is believed that the generalized presentation of the disease occurred due to the pruritus caused by pulicosis.

A demodicose felina é considerada uma dermatopatia rara e pode ser causada pelos ácaros Demodex cati,Demodex gatoi e uma terceira espécie ainda não nomeada. Foi atendido um felino adulto apresentando prurido intenso há 9 meses e histórico de tratamento com cefalexina e prednisolona, com piora progressiva. Ao exame físico, havia alopecia, hiperqueratose, escoriações e eritema em cabeça, pescoço, região lombossacra, cauda e membros pélvicos, além da presença de pulgas. Para puliciose, foram prescritos selamectina spot on a cada 30 dias e uso de amitraz no ambiente a cada sete dias e, para controle da infecção secundária pelas escoriações, foram recomendados banhos semanais com clorexidine. Realizaram-se raspado de pele profundo e arrancamento de pelos para tricograma e exame parasitológico de pele, respectivamente, com diagnósticos de demodicose por Demodex cati, e dermatite micótica associada a infecção bacteriana secundária. O tratamento foi modificado para uso de selamectina a cada 2 semanas, mas tutor não retornou e informou, após vários meses, ter feito terapia com selamectina apenas a cada 30 dias e descontinuidade dos banhos. Não foi possível associar a demodicose, para este felino, a outras comorbidades e acredita-se que a apresentação generalizada da doença tenha se dado pelo prurido causado pela puliciose.

Demodicose felina em Santa Catarina, Brasil / Feline demodicosis in Santa Catarina state, Brazil

A demodicose felina é considerada uma dermatopatia rara e pode ser causada pelos ácaros Demodex cati, Demodex gatoi e uma terceira espécie ainda não nomeada. Foi atendido um felino adulto apresentando prurido intenso há 9 meses e histórico de tratamento com cefalexina e prednisolona, com piora progressiva. Ao exame físico, havia alopecia, hiperqueratose, escoriações e eritema em cabeça, pescoço, região lombossacra, cauda e membros pélvicos, além da presença de pulgas. Para puliciose, foram prescritos selamectina spot on a cada 30 dias e uso de amitraz no ambiente a cada sete dias e, para controle da infecção secundária pelas escoriações, foram recomendados banhos semanais com clorexidine. Realizaram-se raspado de pele profundo e arrancamento de pelos para tricograma e exame parasitológico de pele, respectivamente, com diagnósticos de demodicose por Demodex cati, e dermatite micótica associada a infecção bacteriana secundária. O tratamento foi modificado para uso de selamectina a cada 2 semanas, mas tutor não retornou e informou, após vários meses, ter feito terapia com selamectina apenas a cada 30 dias e descontinuidade dos banhos. Não foi possível associar a demodicose, para este felino, a outras comorbidades e acredita-se que a apresentação generalizada da doença tenha se dado pelo prurido causado pela puliciose.

Feline demodicosis is considered a rare dermatopathy and can be caused by Demodex cati, Demodex gatoi and a third species not yet named. An adult male feline was attended with severe pruritus for 9 months and a history of treatment with cephalexin and prednisolone, with progressive worsening. On physical examination, there was alopecia, hyperkeratosis, abrasions and erythema on the head, neck, lumbosacral region, tail and pelvic limbs, in addition to the presence of fleas. For pulicosis, selamectin spot on was prescribed every 30 days and use of amitraz in the environment every seven days. In order to control secondary infection, weekly baths with chlorhexidine were recommended. Deep skin scraping and hair plucking were performed for trichogram and parasitological skin examination, respectively, with diagnoses of demodicosis by Demodex cati, and mycotic dermatitis associated with secondary bacterial infection. The treatment was modified to use selamectin every 2 weeks, but the tutor did not return and reported, after several months, that he had done therapy with selamectin only every 30 days and discontinued baths. For this feline, it was not possible to associate demodicosis with other comorbidities. It is believed that the generalized presentation of the disease occurred due to the pruritus caused by pulicosis.

Post-mortem CT vs necropsy in feline medicine.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare post-mortem CT findings with necropsy findings in domestic cats. METHODS: Post-mortem CT and necropsies were performed in 20 cadavers of domestic cats. The sensitivity, specificity and agreement between the post-mortem CT and necropsy findings were determined. RESULTS: There were a total of 315 post-mortem findings; 183 were identified by post-mortem CT and 132 were identified by necropsy. Post-mortem CT demonstrated a higher sensitivity to identify the findings mainly in bones. The higher indices of agreement between post-mortem CT and necropsy were related to abnormalities of pleural space, bones and joints. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study demonstrated that post-mortem CT and necropsy provided different information. Thus, their use in conjunction with each other might improve the understanding of the cause of death and the identification of post-mortem lesions.

Polimiopatia hipocalêmica e hipertensão secundária a hiperaldosteronismo primário felino / Hypokalemic polymyopathy and secondary hypertension to feline primary hyperaldosteronism

O hiperaldosteronismo se define pela hipersecreção de aldosterona pelas suprarrenais, resultando em excesso de sódio e redução de potássio sanguíneo. Esta hipersecreção deve-se à síntese autônoma de aldosterona por células adrenais hiperplásicas ou neoplásicas, que agem independentemente da estimulação pelo sistema renina-angiotensina. A doença acomete felinos de adultos maduros a idosos. O excesso de aldosterona culmina em hipertensão sistêmica e/ou hipocalemia, que levam à fraqueza muscular e alterações oculares. O diagnóstico é baseado em exames laboratoriais e de imagem, e o tratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico. O prognóstico é considerado favorável quando as medicações são capazes de melhorar as manifestações clínicas ou quando é possível realizar o procedimento cirúrgico. O presente trabalho visa relatar o caso de um felino macho de 13 anos, castrado, sem raça definida, com hipocalemia persistente secundária a um presuntivo tumor adrenal.

Hyperaldosteronism is defined by the hypersecretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in excess sodium and reduced blood potassium. This hypersecretion is due to the autonomous synthesis of aldosterone by hyperplastic or neoplastic adrenal cells, which act independently of stimulation by the renin-angiotensin system. The disease affects felines in the age group from mature adults to the elderly. The excess of aldosterone culminates in systemic hypertension and/or hypokalemia, which leads to muscle weakness and ocular changes. The diagnosis is based on laboratory and imaging tests and treatment can be clinical or surgical. The prognosis is considered favorable when the medications are able to improve the clinical manifestations or when it is possible to perform the surgical procedure. The present paper aims to report the case of a 13-year-old male cat, castrated, crossbred, with persistent hypokalemia secondary to a presumptive adrenal tumor.

Polimiopatia hipocalêmica e hipertensão secundária a hiperaldosteronismo primário felino / Hypokalemic polymyopathy and secondary hypertension to feline primary hyperaldosteronism

O hiperaldosteronismo se define pela hipersecreção de aldosterona pelas suprarrenais, resultando em excesso de sódio e redução de potássio sanguíneo. Esta hipersecreção deve-se à síntese autônoma de aldosterona por células adrenais hiperplásicas ou neoplásicas, que agem independentemente da estimulação pelo sistema renina-angiotensina. A doença acomete felinos de adultos maduros a idosos. O excesso de aldosterona culmina em hipertensão sistêmica e/ou hipocalemia, que levam à fraqueza muscular e alterações oculares. O diagnóstico é baseado em exames laboratoriais e de imagem, e o tratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico. O prognóstico é considerado favorável quando as medicações são capazes de melhorar as manifestações clínicas ou quando é possível realizar o procedimento cirúrgico. O presente trabalho visa relatar o caso de um felino macho de 13 anos, castrado, sem raça definida, com hipocalemia persistente secundária a um presuntivo tumor adrenal.

Hyperaldosteronism is defined by the hypersecretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in excess sodium and reduced blood potassium. This hypersecretion is due to the autonomous synthesis of aldosterone by hyperplastic or neoplastic adrenal cells, which act independently of stimulation by the renin-angiotensin system. The disease affects felines in the age group from mature adults to the elderly. The excess of aldosterone culminates in systemic hypertension and/or hypokalemia, which leads to muscle weakness and ocular changes. The diagnosis is based on laboratory and imaging tests and treatment can be clinical or surgical. The prognosis is considered favorable when the medications are able to improve the clinical manifestations or when it is possible to perform the surgical procedure. The present paper aims to report the case of a 13-year-old male cat, castrated, crossbred, with persistent hypokalemia secondary to a presumptive adrenal tumor.

Genetic heterogeneity of polydactyly in Maine Coon cats.

OBJECTIVES: Polydactyly has been described in two breeds of domestic cats (Maine Coon and Pixie Bob) and in some outbred domestic cats (eg, Hemingway cats). In most cases, feline polydactyly is a non-syndromic preaxial polydactyly. Three variants located in a regulatory sequence involved in limb development, named ZRS (zone of polarising activity regulatory sequence), have been identified to be responsible for feline polydactyly. These variants have been found in outbred domestic cats in the UK (UK1 and UK2 variants) and in Hemingway cats in the USA (Hw variant). The aim of this study was to characterise the genetic features of polydactyly in Maine Coon cats. METHODS: Genotyping assay was used to identify the variant(s) segregating in a cohort of 75 polydactyl and non-polydactyl Maine Coon cats from different breeding lines from Europe, Canada and the USA. The authors performed a segregation analysis to identify the inheritance pattern of polydactyly in this cohort and analysed the population structure. RESULTS: The Hw allele was identified in a subset of polydactyl cats. Sequencing of two regulatory sequences involved in limb development did not reveal any other variant in polydactyl cats lacking the Hw allele. Additionally, genotype-phenotype and segregation analyses revealed the peculiar inheritance pattern of polydactyly in Maine Coon cats. The population structure analysis demonstrated a genetic distinction between Hw and Hw-free polydactyl cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Polydactyly in Maine Coon cats is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity, and this trait is characterised by genetic heterogeneity in the Maine Coon breed. Maine Coon breeders should be aware of this situation and adapt their breeding practices accordingly.

Importância da radiografia intra-oral em tratamentos periodontais de cães e gatos: relato de três casos / The importance of intra-oral radiographs in periodontal treatments of dogs and cats: three cases reports

A radiografia intra-oral é um método de diagnóstico por imagem essencial em pacientes submetidos a tratamento odontológico de qualquer natureza, especialmente em casos de doença peridontal. Permite a avaliação de estruturas ósseas e dentárias, elucidando múltiplos diagnósticos que não são firmados clinicamente. Inclui-se no estudo radiográfico a análise da integridade da lâmina dura, do ligamento periodontal, de afecções dentárias como abscessos periapicais, cistos, alterações de desenvolvimento coronário e radicular, agenesias, dentes inclusos ou supranumerários, raízes fraturadas remanescentes na região subgengival, reabsorções dentárias ou ósseas (associadas à doença periodontal ou neoplasias) e estruturas internas do dente (diâmetro da câmara pulpar e canal radicular). O presente artigo visa, portanto, mostrar através da apresentação de casos clínicos, a relevância do exame radiográfico para a correta abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica de afecções subclínicas, mesmo em pacientes sem sinais de dor ou supostamente portadores de apenas gengivite. Foram relatados um caso de hipoplasia radicular, um de cisto de origem dentária e outro de reabsorção dentária, todos diagnosticados após a realização da documentação radiográfica intra-oral.

The intra-oral radiography is an essential diagnosis imaging method, in patients submitted to dental treatment of any nature, especially cases of periodontal diseases. It allows the evaluation of structural bone and dental diseases, elucidating multiple diagnoses, which are not clinically proven. The radiographic study includes the analysis of the periodontal ligament and lamina dura integrity, dental anomalies such as periapical abscesses, cysts, coronary and root development failures, agenesis, unerupted or supernumerary teeth, fractured roots remaining in the subgingival area, tooth or bone resorption, (associated with neoplasia or periodontal disease) and Internal tooth structures such as diameter of pulp chamber and root canal. The present article aims to show, through clinical case reports, the relevance of the radiographic examination towards the correct diagnosis and therapeutic approach of subclinical infections, even in patients without signs of pain or supposedly gingivitis bearers. Amongst the reported cases, there is a root hipoplasia, a dental origin cyst and a tooth resorption, all diagnosed after intra-oral radiographic completion.

Crossed renal ectopia with fusion in a female feline: case report / Ectopia renal cruzada com fusão em uma gata: relato de caso

A 3 year old female feline of mixed breed was sent to the diagnostic imaging sector under suspicion of bleeding due to ovariohysterectomy. An abdominal ultrasonography was performed to confirm the initial suspicion. However, no signs of bleeding were found, instead it was observed that the left renal silhouette had two pelvises and was elongated and larger than normal. The right kidney was not found. Excretory urography was requested to evaluate the condition of the ureters. The final diagnosis was crossed renal ectopia with fusion in an asymptomatic cat with no changes in renal function.(AU)

Uma gata, sem raça definida, com três anos de idade, foi encaminhada para o setor de diagnóstico por imagem sob suspeita de hemorragia devido à ovário-histerectomia. Foi realizada ultrasonografia abdominal para confirmar a suspeita inicial, mas nenhum sinal de hemorragia foi encontrado; visibilizou-se, entretanto, a silhueta renal esquerda alongada, com presença de duas pelves. O rim direito não foi encontrado. Solicitou-se exame de urografia excretora para avaliação de ureteres. O diagnóstico foi de ectopia renal cruzada com fusão em um felino assintomático e sem alterações na função renal.(AU)

Feline lymphoma in the nervous system: pathological, immunohistochemical, and etiological aspects in 16 cats / Linfoma no sistema nervoso de felinos: aspectos patológicos, imuno-histoquímicos e etiológicos em 16 gatos

The pathological, immunohistochemical (IHC), and etiological features of lymphoma involving the nervous system (NS) in cats were analyzed through a retrospective study (2004-2017) in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The NS involvement was observed in 16 (12.2%) of 125 felines with lymphoma. Young cats were mainly affected, with a median of 24 months old. Most cases were secondary central NS lymphoma, whereas in three cats, the NS involvement was primary. IHC revealed 14 (87.5%) FeLV-positive, six FIV-positive, and one FeLV/FIV-negative cats. Distribution of feline lymphoma in the NS was 8/16 in the spinal cord, 7/16 in the brain, and 1/16 in the paravertebral nerves and ganglia (neurolymphomatosis). The lymphoma pattern in the spinal cord was exclusively extradural, often focal (6/8), and located in the lumbar (3/6), sacral (1/6), thoracic (1/6), and cervical segments (1/6). Brain neuroanatomical patterns were: leptomeningeal lymphomatosis (4/7), lymphomatous choroiditis (2/7), and intradural lymphoma (1/7). The feline with primary neurolymphomatosis presented a marked thickening of paravertebral nerves and ganglia from the sacral region. B-cell lymphoma (75%) was often diagnosed, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (11/16) was the main subtype. T-cell lymphoma (25%) was less commonly observed and was classified as peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) (3/16) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) (1/16).(AU)

Os aspectos patológicos, imuno-histoquímicos (IHQ) e etiológicos do linfoma envolvendo o sistema nervoso de felinos foram analisados através de um estudo retrospectivo (período de 2004-2017) no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O envolvimento do sistema nervoso foi observado em 16 (12,2%) dos 125 felinos com linfoma desse estudo e afetou principalmente, jovens com idade mediana de 24 meses. A grande maioria dos casos o linfoma era secundário no sistema nervoso central e somente em três gatos o linfoma foi primário do sistema nervoso. Na IHQ, 14 (87,5%) casos foram positivos para FeLV, seis (37,5%) para FIV, e um foi negativo para ambos. A distribuição do linfoma no sistema nervoso foi em 8/16 felinos na medula espinhal, 7/16 no encéfalo e em 1/16 em nervos e gânglios paravertebrais (neurolinfomatose). Na medula espinhal, o padrão do linfoma foi exclusivamente extradural e frequentemente focal (6/8), localizadas nos segmentos lombares (3/6), sacrais (1/6), torácicos (1/6) e cervicais (1/6). No encéfalo, os padrões neuroanatômicos observados foram: linfomatose leptomeningeal (4/7), coroidite linfomatosa (2/7), linfoma intradural (1/7). No felino diagnosticado com neurolinfomatose primária, foi observado acentuado espessamento dos nervos e gânglios paravertebrais da região sacral. Os linfomas de células de células B (75%) foram os mais frequentes e o principal tipo foi o linfoma difuso de grandes células B (11/16). Os linfomas de células T (25%), menos observados, foram classificados como linfomas de células T periférico inespecífico (3/16) e linfoma linfoblástico T (1/16).(AU)

The CT dorsolateral subluxation index is a feasible method for quantifying laxity in the feline hip joint.

The dorsolateral subluxation index of the femoral head is a good proxy of hip dysplasia in dogs. An exploratory, prospective, descriptive study was carried out in order to assess whether the dorsolateral subluxation index may also be useful to improve diagnosis of hip dysplasia in cats. The dorsolateral subluxation index was determined by CT scans simulating the loading position, and compared with measurements of the Norberg-Olsson angle. A total of 82 cats were subjected to radiographic examination of the pelvis, in the standard ventro-dorsal projection, and to CT scans of the pelvis and hips. The Norberg-Olsson angle of each hip was calculated radiographically, while the dorsolateral subluxation index of the femur was calculated on CT images according to a technique recently developed for evaluation of hip dysplasia in dogs. Using the Norberg-Olsson angle a total of 52 hips (31,7%) were diagnosed as dysplastic, 74 (45,1%) as non-dysplastic, and 38 (23,1%) as borderline. Using the dorsolateral subluxation index, values ranged from a minimum of 34.6% to a maximum of 66.6% and four distribution classes were proposed. Findings indicated that the dorsolateral subluxation index previously described as method for quantifying hip dysplasia in dogs is also a feasible method for quantifying hip dysplasia in cats. Future studies are needed to more definitively determine the diagnostic sensitivity of this method.

Linfoma leucemizado em felino coinfectado com os vírus da imunodeficiência felina e da leucemia felina: relato de caso / Lymphoma in leukemic phase in feline coinfected with feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus: case report

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo relatar um caso de linfoma leucemizado em um felino coinfectado com os vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e o da leucemia felina (FeLV). Foram realizados exames de hemograma, contagem de reticulócitos, mielograma, bioquímica, teste de imunocromatografia para FIV e FeLV, imunofluorescência indireta (IFA) para FeLV, radiografia torácica e citologia renal. Esse último exame revelou um linfoma extranodal. Foi determinante para a conclusão diagnóstica a associação dos sinais clínicos corroborados com a infiltração de elevada quantidade de células linfoblásticas na medula óssea, exibindo critérios citomorfológicos de malignidade, como mitoses atípicas, relacionadas à presença de corpúsculos linfoglandulares e material hematopoiético inter-relacionado. O linfoma é uma neoplasia relativamente comum em felinos, entretanto, a apresentação leucemizada é rara, podendo representar um desafio diagnóstico clínico, o que torna fundamental a inclusão da citologia medular na prática clínica dessa espécie.(AU)

The present study aimed to report a case of lymphoma in leukemic phase in feline coinfected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Blood counts, reticulocyte counts, bone marrow avaluation, biochemistry, immunochromatography assay for FIV and FeLV, indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) for FeLV, thoracic radiography and renal citology were performed. This last examination revealed extranodal lymphoma. The association of the clinical signs with the infiltration of a high number of lymphoblastic cells in the bone marrow with cytomorphological criteria of malignancy, atypical mitoses, lymphoglandular corpuscles and hematopoietic material were determinant for the diagnostic conclusion. Lymphoma is a relatively common neoplasm in felines, however the leukemic phase is rare and may represent a clinical diagnostic challenge, making it essential to include bone marrow cytology in the clinical practice of this species.(AU)

Radiographic, ultrasonographic, and computed tomographic characteristics of an accessory liver lobe in a cat.

A 5-year-old male Norwegian Forest cat presented with increased hepatic serum biochemical parameters. Abdominal radiography showed an oval cranioventral mass and ultrasound revealed a mobile mass attached to one hepatic lobe. Computed tomography (CT) confirmed that the mass was attached to the right medial liver lobe. Differential diagnoses were an accessory liver lobe, benign neoplasia, and focal nodular hyperplasia. The mass was removed and histopathology confirmed the mass to be normal liver tissue. Accessory liver lobe should be included in the differential diagnosis of a mobile cranial abdominal mass with a similar ultrasonographic or CT appearance to the liver.

Trabecular trichoblastoma in a domestic cat (Felis catus domesticus, Linnaeus 1758): Case report / Tricoblastoma trabecular em gato doméstico (Felis catus domesticus, Linnaeus 1758): Relato de caso

Trichoblastoma is characterized as a benign cutaneous neoplasm that originates in the trichoblastic epithelium of the hair bulb. The present report describes the case of a 4-year-old cross breed neutered male cat that had a history of a slow, freely movable, ulcerated, slow growing, solitary cutaneous nodule located on the left scapular region. Histopathological evaluation showed neoplastic cells arranged in cohesive nests or palisades with eosinophilic and scant cytoplasm. Based on the microscopic findings, a diagnosis of trabecular trichoblastoma was made. The treatment of choice consisted of total surgical excision of the mass with safe surgical margins. Tumor recurrence was not observed.(AU)

O Tricoblastoma se caracteriza como uma neoplasia benigna cutânea que tem origem no epitélio tricoblástico do bulbo piloso. O presente relato descreve o caso de felino macho, sem raça definida (SRD), com histórico de nódulo solitário de crescimento lento, não aderido e ulcerado, localizado na região escapular esquerda. A histopatologia evidenciou células neoplásicas organizadas em ninhos coesos, em paliçadas com citoplasma eosinofílico e escasso, os achados foram compatíveis com a descrição de tricoblastoma trabecular. O tratamento de eleição consistiu na exérese cirúrgica total da massa com ampla margem de segurança e recidivas não foram observadas(AU)